Strategic Plans for Diagnosis, Treatment & Control of Hypertension
Main Article Content
Abstract
Two major challenges face the practicing physicians and medical community regarding the management of hypertension. First is accurate diagnosis and finding who is the truly hypertensive patient in need of life-long treatment. Second is to improve blood pressure control through addressing hypertension risk factors, adherence to treatment and frequent monitoring.
- Current Challenges in Management
o Accurate diagnosis of hypertension
o Improving blood pressure control
- What Do We Need For The Future?
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2018 Ibrahim MM.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Krause T, Lovibond K, Caulfield M, McCormack T, Williams B. Guideline Development Group. Management of hypertension: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ. 2011; 343: d4891. Ref.: https://goo.gl/y2c3AK
Gabb GM, Mangoni AA, Anderson CS, Cowley D, Dowden JS, et al. Guideline for the diagnosis and management of hypertension in adults - 2016. Med J Aust. 2016; 25: 85-89. Ref.: https://goo.gl/emqVJi
Leung AA, Daskalopoulou SS, Dasgupta K, McBrien K, Butalia S, et al. Hypertension Canada. Hypertension Canada's 2017 Guidelines for Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, Prevention, and Treatment of Hypertension in Adults. Can J Cardiol. 2017; 33: 557-576. Ref.: https://goo.gl/yNszCA
Garry LR Jennings, Touyz RM. Hypertension Guidelines. More Challenges Highlighted by Europe. Hypertension. 2013; 62: 660-665. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Xxr8da
Myers MG. Replacing manual sphygmomanometers with automated blood pressure measurement in routine clinical practice. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2014; 41: 46-53. Ref.: https://goo.gl/bHMPu5
World Health Organization. Affordable technology, blood pressure measuring devices for low resource settings. Report 1-26. Geneva, Switzerland. World Health Organization 2005; Ref.: https://goo.gl/Fru7Me
Campbell NR, Berbari AE, Cloutier L, Gelfer M, Kenerson JG, et al. Policy statement of the world hypertension league on noninvasive blood pressure measurement devices and blood pressure measurement in the clinical or community setting. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2014; 16: 320-322. Ref.: https://goo.gl/g2EEW3
Myers MG, Kaczorowski J, Paterson JM, Dolovich L, Tu K. Thresholds for Diagnosing Hypertension Based on Automated Office Blood Pressure Measurements and Cardiovascular Risk. Hypertension. 2015; 66: 489-495. Ref.: https://goo.gl/TNGyKD
Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey E, Collins KJ, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension. Hypertension. 2018; 71: 1269-1324. Ref.: https://goo.gl/CV78aL
SPRINT Research Group, Wright JT Jr, Williamson JD, Whelton PK, Snyder JK, et al. A Randomized Trial of Intensive versus Standard Blood-Pressure Control. N Engl J Med. 2015; 373: 2103-2116. Ref.: https://goo.gl/bD9psw
Mueller Paul S. Clinic-based BP Measurement is inaccurate for diagnosing hypertension. J Watch Gen Med. 2011; Ref.: https://goo.gl/1NegsB
Myers MG, Godwin M, Dawes M, Kiss A, Tobe SW, et al. Measurement of blood pressure in the office. Recognizing the problem and proposing the solution. Hypertension. 2010; 55: 195–200. Ref.: https://goo.gl/7A1W2A
Hodgkinson J, Mant J, Martin U, Guo B, Hobbs FD, et al. Relative effectiveness of clinic and home blood pressure monitoring compared with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in diagnosis of hypertension: systematic review. BMJ. 2011; 342: d3621. Ref.: https://goo.gl/XkSQ6K
Padfield PL. Reduction of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the third world: the importance of accurate blood pressure measurement. Hypertension. 2010; 56: 1038–1039. Ref.: https://goo.gl/F6ZFdp
Mulrow PJ. Hypertension: a worldwide epidemic. In: Izzo JL, Black HR, Goodfriend TL, editors. Hypertension primer: the essentials of high blood pressure. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1999; 271–273. Ref.: https://goo.gl/2HsPKb
Myers MG, Valdivieso M, Kiss A. Use of automated office blood pressure measurement to reduce the white coat response. J Hypertens. 2009; 27: 280–286. Ref.: https://goo.gl/xhiU4n
Graves JW, Nash C, Burger K, Bailey K, Sheps SG. Clinical decision-making in hypertension using an automated (BpTRU) measurement device. J Hum Hypertens. 2003; 17: 823–827. Ref.: https://goo.gl/PsJsSv
Mendis S, Lindholm LH, Mancia G, Whitworth J, Alderman M, et al. World Health Organization (WHO) and International Society of Hypertension (ISH) risk prediction charts: assessment of cardiovascular risk for prevention and control of cardiovascular disease in low and middle-income countries . J Hypertens. 2007; 25: 1578-1582. Ref.: https://goo.gl/upQ2Mp
The Cochrane collaboration 2012.
Nielsen JØ, Shrestha AD, Neupane D, Kallestrup P. Non-adherence to anti-hypertensive medication in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 92443 subjects. J Hum Hypertens. 2017; 31: 14-21. Ref.: https://goo.gl/xngY8c
Ibrahim MM. Discontinuation rates of antihypertensive drugs among Egyptian patients and physician survey. Unpublished observations. 1998.
Vrijens B1, Vincze G, Kristanto P, Urquhart J, Burnier M. Adherence to prescribed antihypertensive drug treatments: longitudinal study of electronically compiled dosing histories. BMJ. 2008; 336: 1114-1117. Ref.: https://goo.gl/ojermR
Campbell NR, Lackland DT, Chockalingam A, Lisheng L, Harrap SB, et al. The International Society of Hypertension and World Hypertension League call on governments, nongovernmental organizations and the food industry to work to reduce dietary sodium. J Hypertens. 2014; 32: 446-447. Ref.: https://goo.gl/g6Veoo
Himmelfarb CR, Commodore-Mensah Y, Hill MN. Expanding the Role of Nurses to Improve Hypertension Care and Control Globally Ann Glob Health. 2016; 82: 243-253. Ref.: https://goo.gl/QzHPJJ
Carter BL, Bosworth HB, Green BB. The hypertension team: the role of the pharmacist, nurse, and teamwork in hypertension therapy. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012; 14: 51-65. Ref.: https://goo.gl/HQVz6r
WHO | Health systems financing: the path to universal coverage. 2010; Ref.: https://goo.gl/qkLvhX
World Health Organization Spending on Health: a global overview. Fact Sheet no. 319. 2012; Ref.: https://goo.gl/SCfuV7
Ibrahim MM. The Egyptian hypertension society: Egyptian hypertension guidelines. Egyptian Heart Journal. 2014; 66: 79-132. Ref.: https://goo.gl/u95UKM
Ibrahim MM, Rizk H, Appel LJ, el Aroussy W, Helmy S, et al. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in Egypt. Results from the Egyptian National Hypertension Project (NHP). NHP Invest Team. Hypertens.1995; 26 (6 Pt 1): 886–890. Ref.: https://goo.gl/DxWCUk
Myers MG. Replacing manual sphygmomanometers with automated blood pressure measurement in routine clinical practice. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2014; 41: 46-53. Ref.: https://goo.gl/AC4eKW
Campbell NR, Berbari AE, Cloutier L, Gelfer M, Kenerson JG, et al. Policy statement of the world hypertension league on noninvasive blood pressure measurement devices and blood pressure measurement in the clinical or community setting. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2014; 16: 320-322. Ref.: https://goo.gl/24hxGF
Mboni S, Ferrari R. The role of telemedicine in hypertension management: focus on blood pressure telemonitoring. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2015; 17: 535. Ref.: https://goo.gl/1vh73m
Omboni S, Gazzola T, Carabelli G, Parati G. Clinical usefulness and cost effectiveness of home blood pressure telemonitoring: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. J Hypertens. 2013; 31: 455–468. Ref.: https://goo.gl/iuUEgy